Linking words- cause and effect relationship

  How to Use “Linking Words” to state Cause and Effect

Giving a reason (Cause)   Due to / due to the fact that
Owing to / owing to the fact that      Because   Because of   Since  As

"Due to the rise in oil prices, the inflation rate rose by 1.25%."

"Owing to the demand, we are unable to supply all items within 2 weeks."

If you want to follow these words with a clause (a subject, verb and object), you must follow the words with the fact that.

Because / because of

Because of is followed by a noun.

"Because of bad weather, the football match was postponed."

Because can be used at the beginning or in the middle of a sentence. For example, "Because it was raining, the match was postponed."

"We believe in incentive schemes, because we want our employees to be more productive."

Since / as   Since  mean because.

"Since the company is expanding, we need to hire more staff."

"As the company is expanding, we need to hire more staff."

Giving a result (Effect)
Therefore
So      Consequently   This means that
As a result

Therefore, so, consequently and as a result are all used in a similar way.

"The company are expanding. Therefore / So / Consequently / As a result, they are taking on extra staff."   So is more informal.                                                                                                                         Review of Cause and Effect Linking Words

Bbefore you go on to work on the grammar and writing exercises in this unit, read through this brief review of linking words and phrases forcause and effect.There are three main types of linking words:conjunctions, transitions, and prepositions:

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EXERCISE Page 18

Understanding Cause and effect

Read the cause and write an effect. Then write one full sentence that states   the cause and effect.

1.   Cause:  A storm hit the city.

      Effect:  All the residents fled.

      Sentence:  A storm hit the city, so all the residents fled.

2.   Cause: I planted some trees.

      Effect: Trees grow.

      Sentence: Trees grow because I planted some trees.

3.    Cause: My sister stayed up past midnight.

       Effect: She relax a little and sleep a little.

      Sentence: My sister stayed up past midnight was the reason for the relax and sleep     a little.

4.   Cause: Lena missed school on Monday.

      Effect: Lena don’t study on Monday .

     Sentence: Lena don’t study on Monday was caused by the missed school on Monday.

5.   Cause: David signed up for French classes.

      Effect: David study French classes. David speaks French very well.

      Sentence: David signed up for French classes were the cause of the study French classes. David speaks French very well because of the signed up for French classes.

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 EXERCISE Page 20

 Understanding   Cause and effect

Read each sentence. Then complete the table.

1.                  Tony was away from school as he was in the hospital.

2.                Pen-chan was scared, so she called for help.

3.                 There was a strike and the buses did not ply.

4.               The plants died as there was no water.

5.                Eric forget his swimsuit and therefore could not swim.

6.                The street lights were switched on, so we could see our way.

7.                The match was abandoned when it rained.

8.               He lost control of his car as the brakes were faulty.

Cause	Effect	Linking word
1. he was in the hospital.	1. Tony was away from school.	1. as
2. Pen-chan was scared.	2. she called for help.	2. so
3. There was a strike.	3. the buses did not ply.	3. and
4. there was no water.	4. The plants died.	4. as
5. Eric forget his swimsuit.	5. could not swim.	5. and, therefore
6. The street lights were switched on.	6. we could see our way.	6. so
7. it rained.	7. The match was abandoned.	7. when
8. the brakes were faulty.	8. He lost control of his car.	8. as