Active form

In active sentences, the thing doing the action is the subject of the sentence and the thing receiving the action is the object. Most sentences are active.

[Thing doing action] + [verb] + [thing receiving action]

                         

Passive form

In passive sentences, the thing receiving the action is the subject of the sentence and the thing doing the action is optionally included near the end of the sentence. You can use the passive form if you think that the thing receiving the action is more important or should be emphasized. You can also use the passive form if you do not know who is doing the action or if you do not want to mention who is doing the action.

[Thing receiving action] + [be] + [past participle of verb] + [by] + [thing doing action]

                                   

Tense

   tense (noun): a form of a verb used to indicate the time, and sometimes the continuation or completeness, of an action in relation to the time of speaking. (From Latin tempus = time).

Tense is a method that we use in English to refer to time - past, present and future. Many languages use tenses to talk about time. Other languages have no tenses, but of course they can still talk about time, using different methods.

So, we talk about time in English with tenses. But, and this is a very big but:  

                            

Verb

The verb is perhaps the most important part of the sentence. A verb or compound verb asserts something about the subject of the sentence and express actions, events, or states of being. The verb or compound verb is the critical element of the predicate of a sentence.

                               

Nouns

Common Nouns and proper Nouns.

*Common noun is a general name for a class of objects, people or places.

Example.  Teacher ,cup ,park ,kitten ,country

*Proper noun is name of a specific person ,place or thing, A proper noun always begins with a capital letter.

Example.  Smith ,Boston ,Disney World

Write a common noun to match each proper noun.

        1.  New York = city

        2.  Christmas = festival

        3.  Australia = country

   

                        

InDirect Object

An indirect object tells us to whom or for whom an action is done. A sentence with an indirect object must also contain a direct object.

Example.  My father bought me a lovely present.

Me = Indirect object , Present = Direct object.

Exercise. Underline green in each sentence.

       1.  Jane made us coffee.

       2.  Shared  your experience with us.

       3.  Grandmother left Jed all her books.

                                    

Direct Object

The direct object tells use who or what receives the action of the verb

Example.   I wrote an essay

Essay = Direct object

Exercise. Underline red in each sentence.

           1.  Jane bake a pizza for her children.

           2.  She always tells the truth.

           3.  He opened the gate slowly.

           4.  Lou drives an expensive car.
                               

Subject   and   Predicate

*Every sentence can be divided into two

parts--- a subject and a predicate.

*The complete subject includes words that tell us what the sentence is about.

- We were listening to music -

*The complete predicate includes all  the world that describe the action or situation of the subject.

                  - We were listening to music –

Exercise : underline the complete predicate.

            1.John and I went for a walk in the evening.

   2.  This is where I come to buy groceries.

 Conjunction

A conjunction is a word that connects other words or groups of words.  In the sentence Bob and Dan are friends the conjunction and connects two nouns and in the sentence  He will drive or fly,  the conjunction or connects two verbs.  In the sentence It is early but we can go, the conjunction but connects two groups of words.
Coordinating conjunctions are conjunctions which connect two equal parts of a sentence.  The most common ones are and, or, but, and so which are used in the following ways:
and is used to join or add words together in the sentence They ate and drank. 
or is used to show choice or possibilities as in the sentence He will be here on Monday or Tuesday. 
but is used to show opposite or conflicting ideas as in the sentence She is small but strong. 
so is used to show result as in the sentence I was tired so I went to sleep.
Subordinating conjunctions connect two parts of a sentence that are not equal and will be discussed more in another class.  For now, you should know some of the more common subordinating conjunctions such as:
    after                before                unless 
    although          if                        until 
    as                   since                   when 
    because          than                    while
Correlative conjunctions are pairs of conjunctions that work together.  In the sentence Both Jan and Meg are good swimmers, both . . .and are correlative conjunctions.  The most common correlative conjunctions are:
    both . . .and 
    either . . . or 
    neither . . . nor 
    not only . . . but also

 preposition 

A preposition links nouns, pronouns and phrases to other words in asentence. The word or phrase that the preposition introduces is called the object of the preposition.

A preposition usually indicates the temporal, spatial or logical relationship of its object to the rest of the sentence as in the following examples:

The book is on the table.

The book is beneath the table.

The book is leaning against the table.

The book is beside the table.

She held the book over the table.

She read the book during class.

Adverb

*An adverb tells us more about the verb

*Usually adverbs end with the suffix-ly.

                   

The baby cried loudly                   The girl danced beautifully   

Adjectives

*An adjective is a word that describes or modifies a noun or a pronoun.

*An adjective gives us more information about the subject in the sentence-what kind, how many ,which one.

*A proper adjective  is one that is derived out of a proper noun. A proper adjective always begins with a capital letter.

*Limiting adjective restrict the meaning of the noun without describing it . Here are some examples.

Articles

*there are two kinds of articles-definite and infinite.

*Indefinite articles (a,an) are use before a noun which is single and countable.

=   A,An  ใช้กับนามทั่วๆไปโดยไม่เจาะจง

The articles an is used for nouns that begin with a vowel. (a,e,I,o,u)

·       An apples a day keeps the doctor away.

·       Meaning= กินผักผลไม้ทำให้เราแข็งแรงไม่ต้องไปหาหมอ

*The definite article the is used to specify a noun which is identifiable by the listen. The noun can be singular or plural.

*No articles are used when the noun indicates general situations, diseases ,season ,foods ,sport,

materials, emotion or proper nouns.